So it may possible that minimal DFA and NFA has equal numbers of states but minimal DFA never has less number of states compare to minimal NFA. 6: DFA is more difficult to construct. – DFAs and NFAs and ε-NFA are all equivalent • Every language that can be accepted by a ε-NFA can also be accepted by an DFA which can also be accepted by a NFA. 1 Finite Automata and Regular Expressions The basic limitation of finite automata is that a) It can’t remember arbitrary large amount of information. NFA that recognizes a language L is denoted by M 1 = < Q 1, , q 1,0, 1, A 1 > and DFA obtained by the conversion is denoted by M 2 = < Q 2, , q 2,0, 2, A 2 > S4 1)Epsilon NFA 2)Epsilon NFA NFA 3) Equivalence of NFA and DFA Epsilon NFA • Special Kind of NFA • ε - … Some important points about DFA and NFA: Every DFA is NFA, but NFA is not DFA. False b. On the other … Are DFA and NFA equivalent in power? Watch full video to know in detail. DFA Processing Strings Simpler Notations DFA Language Finite Automata Non Deterministic Automata Transition Function NFA Language NFA & DFA Equivalence DFA Applications NFA Applications Epsilon Transition Epsilon Transitions … Introduction of Finite Automata - GeeksforGeeks Lemma. They are the language it defines Residue Modulo of 5 for convert regular expression to nfa examples pdf ternary system. Add transitions of the start state to the transition table T’. Convert an NFA to a DFA Convert this NFA to a DFA remove all. FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA THEORY Equivalent Difference between NFA and DFA with Comparison Chart Every NFA can be converted into its equivalent DFA. Important is that drawing DFA for this language is comparatively simple (also easy to memorize). EQUIVALENCE OF DFA AND NFA PDF Theory of automata is a theoretical branch of computer science and mathematical. Image 1.0.5: State diagram of DFA equivalent to NFA. Every DFA is a NFA but every NFA is not a DFA. Every NFA has an equivalent DFA. Step-02: Add start state of the NFA to Q’. For any regular language, both DFA and NFA can be constructed. Both DFA and NFA are exactly same in power. One set will contain all final … I.e., pairs [q, r] with q in Q, r in R. there is only one transition. So NFAs are not more powerful than DFAs. Designing an NFA: 2: 2217: Modify a Turing Machine: 0: 1648: conversion of epsilon nfa to dfa: 0: 2203: Why ambiguous grammar is not accepted by DCFL: 0: … Algorithm involves constructing the product DFA from DFA’s for L and M. Let these DFA’s have sets of states Q and R, respectively. Now if you observe you’ll find out Q X Σ –> Q is part of Q X Σ –> 2 Q. 5: In DFA, the next possible state is distinctly set. It is used to transmit any number of states for a particular input. δ is the transition function where δ: Q × ∑ → Q. q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q 0 ∈ Q). This Repo Contains NFA to DFA Converter that takes input from the User, a NFA and then converts it into it's equivalent DFA Showing the Transition Table, Visualization and also Checks the acceptance of a string. Proof: Any NFA can be converted to an equivalent DFA A language accepted by an NFA is also accepted by a DFA. Decision Property : Equivalence Given regular languages L and M, is L = M? So, we eliminate it and its associated edges from the DFA. Explanation: Option 1 is whether a CFG is empty or not, this problem is decidable. DFA cannot use Empty String transition. Each DFA state corresponds to a distinct set of NFA states. Suppose there is a DFA D < Q, Σ, q0, δ, F > which recognizes a language L. Then the minimized DFA D < Q’, Σ, q0, δ’, F’ > can be constructed for language L as: Step 1: We will divide Q (set of states) into two sets. … So, Our minimal DFA is- Problem-04: Minimize the given DFA- Solution- Step-01: State q 5 is inaccessible from the initial state. There is a definite advantage with this way of specifying the grammar. ∈-NFA is the representation that allows an automaton to change its state without an input, i.e. (four DFA's were given in the option) Computer Networks (CN) The subset construction algorithm is also applied to the resultant NFA, resulting in a language-equivalent deterministic finite-state automata (DFA). Conversion from NFA to DFA GeeksforGeeks. For example, when we have a NFA with few states we can obtain a DFA with relatively many states Finite-State Machines 12.1 Introduction 1Deterministic Finite Automata Deterministic Finite Automata, or DFAs, have a rich background in terms of the mathematical theory underlying their development and use. Convert the following RA into its equivalent DFA − 1 (0 + 1)* 0. Im trying to learn Equivalence of DFA and NFA.The problem is that in the below explanation Q' is given as the power set of Q.But this statement seems to be contradictory to the previous statement saying NFA is mapped from Q*E to 2^Q,Why is this? Show that the set of languages that can be recognized by some NFA is equal to the set of languages that can be recognized by some DFA. Date: 5th Jan 2022. Regular Languages, Finite Automata, equivalence, minimization, Myhill-Nerode Theorem, introduction to non-determinism, Context free grammars, Pushdown automata, equivalence and applications. Theory of Computation Handwritten Notes PDF. 3 only B. DFA does not accept the null move. – chepner. Prove there any more power to convert nfa dfa using table dtran for administration dfaoua and. The quiz will test 8 questions about : basic concepts of finite automata and languages deterministic finite automaton, nondeterminism equivalence between DFA, NFA and e-NFA regular expression equivalence between regular expression and FA algebraic laws for regular expressions pumping lemma and … DFA minimization stands for converting a given DFA to its equivalent DFA with minimum number of states. Product DFA has set of states Q ×R. Minimum number of states in NFA and DFA respectively accepting a language having strings lengths either divisible by 3 or 5; Given a DFA find its regular expression. react graphviz finite-state-machine tailwindcss nfa … Step 2 Remove Null transition from the NFA and convert it into its equivalent DFA. I was looking at the construction proof showing the equivalence of NFA and DFA from Sipser's text. Lis a regular language i there is a regular expression Rsuch that L(R) = Li there is a DFA Msuch that L(M) = Li there is a NFA Nsuch that L(N) = L. Formal Definition of a DFA. even if the input is null the automaton can change its state. We will now demonstrate the construction of NFA with few examples. There exists an equivalent DFA corresponding to every NFA. In these “Theory of Computation Handwritten Notes PDF”, we will study the formal models of computation, namely, finite automaton, pushdown automaton, and Turing machine; and their relationships with formal languages.Students will also learn about the limitations of computing machines. A DFA can be represented by a 5-tuple (Q, ∑, δ, q 0, F) where −. Algorithm involves constructing the product DFA from DFA’s for L and M. Let these DFA’s have sets of states Q and R, respectively. 3/3/21, 5: 38 PM Difference between NFA and DFA with Comparison Chart Page 3 of 11 construction method. Regular Expression to NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automata) Visualize the Thompson-McNaughton-Yamada construction NFA for a given regular expression. the . The finite automata are called NFA when there exist many paths for specific input from the current state to the next state. Don't stop learning now. There exists a unique transition for each input symbol. then perform the transition of start state over that input alphabet to a dead state in the DFA. NFA Advantage • An NFA for a language can be smaller and easier to construct than a DFA • Let L={x ∈ {0,1}*|where x is a string whose next-to-last symbol is 1} • Construct both a DFA and NFA for recognizing L. DFA: 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 NFA: 0,1 0,1 1 • DFAs and NFAs: – For every NFA there is an equivalent DFA. Let us obtain ε-closure of each state. From here, Regular Expression = aa* + ba*. Equivalence of NFA and DFA We are going to prove that the DFA obtained from NFA by the conversion algorithm accepts the same language as the NFA. In this lecture Ms. Poonam soni is explaining about The equivalence of DFA and NDFA. Function NFA Language NFA & DFA Equivalence DFA Applications NFA Applications Epsilon Transition Epsilon Transitions Uses Epsilon 12. In NFA, when a specific input is given to the current state, the machine goes to multiple states. Recommended messages: If you like GeeksforGeeks Examples of Content related issues. It started by taking number of states of DFA as P ( Q), where P ( Q) is the set of subsets of Q. – For M. 1., M. 2., L (M. Key difference between DFA and NFA Deterministic Finite Automaton or DFA is a type of FA wherein only one path is possible for any specific input to transit from its current state to the next state. In the DFA, the machine goes to one state only for a particular input character. Q is a finite set of states. Algorithm involves constructing the product DFA from DFA’s for L and M. Let these DFA’s have sets of states Q and R, respectively. Let X = (Q x, ∑, δ x, q 0, F x) be an NDFA which accepts the language L(X). It can have zero, one or more than one move on a given input symbol. In this section, we will discuss the method of converting NFA to its equivalent DFA. δ' (A, 1) = ε-closure {δ ( (q0, q1, q2), 1) } = ε-closure {δ ( (q0, 1) ∪ δ (q1, 1) ∪ δ (q2, 1) } = ε-closure {q3} = {q3} = B. equivalent DFA, a NFA- to an equivalent NFA, which in turn can be transformed into an equivalent DFA again. Since all the tuples in DFA and NFA are the same except for one of the tuples, which is Transition Function (δ) In case of DFA δ : Q X Σ --> Q In case of NFA δ : Q X Σ --> 2 Q. Is L(A)=L(N)? That will be called as ε-closure (qi) where, qi ∈Q. TOC - Finite automata – DFA – NFA – Equivalence of NFA and DFA (With Proof) - Regular expressions – Conversion between RE and FA (With Proof) Education 4u - Lec 6 to Lec 22 and Lec 40 to Lec 43. (Proof by construction - trivial.) That is why when we concern for minimum states in FA-Finite Automata, we go for NFA rather than DFA. NFA can be converted to an equivalent DFA (see the section on the subset construction below); both of these models accept the same class of languages, the regular languages. Gate Smashers - Lec 3 and Lec 4 We can also draw DFA from a regular language algorithimally. The equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is known as Kleene's theorem (after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene). = L (M. View s4.pdf from CSE 303TOC at Srm Institute Of Science & Technology. In NFA, each pair of state and input symbol can have many possible next states. 243 74 3MB Read more. even if the input is null the automaton can change its state. Consider the two Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and check whether they are equivalent or not. DFA Equivalence and Minimization 1.Let A = (Q; ; ;q 0;F) be a DFA. True Show Answer. In this method, we try to remove all the ε-transitions from the given Non-deterministic finite automata (NFA) −. Equivalence • Two automata are equivalent if their languages are the same – For M 1, M 2, L(M 1) = L(M 2) • DFAs and NFAs: – For every NFA there is an equivalent DFA (we’ll prove this) and vice-versa (this is easy, why?) 2. How to convert NFA with epsilon to without epsilon? For queries regarding questions and quizzes, use the comment area below respective pages. Input − An NDFA. My doubt is when we construct DFA from NFA, all the subsets may not occur in that DFA. Steps to Convert NFA with ε-move to DFA : Step 1 : Take ∈ closure for the beginning state of NFA as beginning state of DFA. I.e., pairs [q, r] with q in Q, r in R. 2. This nfa to dfa * conversion requires that the labels on the states in the dfa list the states * from the nfa that they represent because it is from the label that the * converter determines which states from the nfa a state in the dfa represents. ∈-NFA is a part of Finite Automata. Feb 8 '16 at 15:05. Every NFA is not DFA, but each NFA can be translated into DFA. Minimization of DFA - GeeksforGeeks geeksforgeeks.org finite automata, dfa, nfa, regexp, transition diagram in automata, transition table, theory of automata, examples of dfa, minimization of dfa, non deterministic finite automata, etc. Theory of Automata. NFA with ∈ move: If any FA contains ε transaction or move, the finite automata is called NFA with ∈ move. Difference between DFA and NFA - GeeksforGeeks Applications of finite-state machines are found in a variety of subjects. Difference between DFA and NFA - GeeksforGeeks Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. Get an all-important CS Theory concept for an SDE interview with the CS Theory course at a student-friendly price and become a ready industry. Let X = (Qx, ∑, δx, q0, Fx) be an NDFA which accepts the language L (X). INTRODUCTION TO Automata Theory, Languages, and applications of automata and language theory to compilers are no w so w ell understo o d that they are (we’ll prove this) and vice-versa. Recall that two sets A and B are equal iff A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A (this is the definition of set equality). (Cite your sources)-DFA stands for Deterministic Finite Automata. This is a problematic question. What are the differences between DFA and NFA? 3 and 4 only C. 1, 2 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only. Regular Expressions and Finite State Automata Regular Expression to NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automata) Visualize the Thompson-McNaughton-Yamada construction NFA for a given regular expression. 90 NFA to DFA a b O q 0 q 1 q 2 NFA DFA ^q I.e., pairs [q, r] with q in Q, r in R. 30 The subset construction algorithm is also applied to the resultant NFA, resulting in a language-equivalent deterministic finite-state automata (DFA). If start state makes transition to multiple states for some input alphabet, then treat those multiple states as a single state in the DFA. Overlaps with: MTL383. Problem Statement. (union of transition value and their closures for each states of NFA present in current state of DFA). NFA can use Empty String transition. True regular expressions can be matched by DFAs; in fact, any regular language can be represented as either a regular expression or a DFA. NFA. All these variations help us to better understand the concept of Finite Automata. Equivalence of NFA & DFA - Automata Theory Questions and Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Equivalence of One-Tape and Multitape TM’s ; Automata Theory Questions and Answers – PSPACE ; advertisement. DFAs and NFAs define the same class of languages -- the regularlanguages. Equivalence b) Reflexive c) Myhill d) Nerode View Answer. It can be easily turned into an NFA. ∈ is a symbol that represents empty inputs. The resulting DFA is- Step-02: Draw a state transition table-DA: 6 PA: 31 MOZ Rank: 7. It can accept the null move. 89 NFA to DFA a b O q 0 q 1 q 2 NFA DFA ^q 0 ` ^ ` q 1,q 2 M Mc. Automata Transition Function NFA Language NFA & DFA Equivalence DFA Applications NFA Applications ... Introduction of Finite Automata - GeeksforGeeks Lemma. Step-03: Now, let us eliminate state C. There is a path going from state A to state q f via state C. So, after eliminating state C, we put a direct path from state A to state q f having cost b.a*.∈ = ba*. Step 2 − Then, 1 transitions can be obtained. Proof of Equivalence of NFA-and NFAWe are going to prove that the NFA obtained from NFA-by the conversion algorithm accepts the same language as the NFA-.NFA-that recognizes a language L is denoted by M 1 = < Q 1, , q 1,0, 1, A 1 > and NFA obtained by the conversion is denoted by M 2 = < Q 2, , q 2,0, 2, A 2 > First we are going to prove that 1 * ( q , w ) = 2 * ( q , w ) for any non … 2.Recall the definition ofextended transition function ^. Step-01: All strings of the language ends with substring “0011”. ∈-NFA is the representation that allows an automaton to change its state without an input, i.e. Explanation. Product DFA has set of states Q R. The non-acceptance of the string w by an FA or DFA can be defined in formal notation as: So, the DFA which accepts strings of a‟s and b‟s starting with the string ab is given by Obtain a DFA to accept strings of a’s and b’s starting with the string ab a,b q a q b q b a q a,b Fig.1.1 Transition diagram to accept string ab(a+b)* Classes of languages accepted by NFA and its equivalent DFA are different Select one: a. The Extended Transition Function, The Languages of an NFA, … The main idea behind this conversion to construct a DFA machine in which each state will correspond to a set of NFA states. ∈-Non-Deterministic Finite Automata has a different transition function than regular NFA. 88 NFA to DFA a b O q 0 q 1 q 2 NFA DFA ^q 0 ` M Mc. 5.Twostates q 1;q 2 2Q are equivalentif L(A;q 1) = L(A;q 2). This is called as right-linear grammar. 1. A DFA is just a special case of an NFA that happens not to have any null transitions or multiple transitions on the same symbol. Problem. There is a way to check equivalence of automata, which I'll now explain, but I'm afraid it won't help you, as you will see at the end. A Finite Automata (FA) is said to be non deterministic, if there is more than one possible transition from one state on the same input symbol. Q: A set of non empty finite states. Σ: A set of non empty finite input symbols. DFA stands for Deterministic Finite Automata. NFA stands for Nondeterministic Finite Automata. We will concatenate three expressions "1", "(0 + 1)*" and "0" Now we will remove the ε transitions. In a right-linear grammar, the right-hand side of a production (or rule) is either a terminal or a terminal followed by a non-terminal. This includes the start state of the NFA and any states i.e., regular expressions, DFAs and NFAs have the same computational power. . Conversion from NFA to DFA 1 Initially Q’ = ɸ. 2 Add q0 to Q’. 3 For each state in Q’, find the possible set of states for each input symbol using transition function of NFA. ... 4 Final state of DFA will be all states with contain F (final states of NFA) ∈ is a symbol that represents empty inputs. It is the study of abstract machines and the computation problems that can be solved using these machines. 4: DFA can be understood as one machine. – Let’s show this ε-NFA-> DFA ∈-NFA is a part of Finite Automata. CD - Lexical Analysis - Recognition of Tokens - Designing a Lexical Analyzer using finite automata. Option 2 is whether a CFG will generate all possible strings (everything or … Thus, it is enough for you to verify that L ( D) ⊆ L ( N) and L ( N) ⊆ L ( D), where D and N are your DFA and NFA, respectively. Feedback The correct answer is: False. Thus, Minimum number of states required in the DFA = 4 + 1 = … So, length of substring = 4. Explanation. ∑ is a finite set of symbols called the alphabet. Additionally, NFA has not dead states in transition diagram, unlike DFA. Difference between DFA and NFA - GeeksforGeeks Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation 3 rd Edition hopcroft_titlepgs 5/8/06 12:43 PM Page 1. We can also draw DFA from a regular language algorithimally. Regular Expression to NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automata) Visualize the Thompson-McNaughton-Yamada construction NFA for a given regular expression. 3.Let L(A;q) be the languages fw : ^ (q;w) 2Fg 4.Recall the language of A is defined as L(A) = L(A;q 0). Step 1 − First, construct the transition table for each input c and d. Step 2 − From the first machine M on receiving input c in state q1, we reach state q1 only which is … A Finite Automata (FA) is said to be deterministic, if corresponding to an input symbol, there is single resultant state i.e. Thus, transition function output is not just one state as in DFA, but set of states. Problem Statement. For a turn table are regular running is converted into nfa then nfa is. NFA stands for non-deterministic finite automata. languages are the same. NFA can be understood as multiple little machines computing at the same time. Decision Property: Equivalence Given regular languages L and M, is L = M? Solution. To translate an NFA into a DFA, the trick is to label each state in the DFA with a set of statesfrom the NFA. Step 2 : Find the states that can be traversed from the present for each input symbol. Equivalence of NFAs and DFAs. First of all, given symbol from the alphabet, NFA can transition to zero, one, or many states. Algorithm. DFA minimization stands for converting a given DFA to its equivalent DFA with minimum number of states. Step 1 Construct an NFA with Null moves from the given regular expression. Difference between DFA and NFA - GeeksforGeeks Finite Automata Introduction Moore Machine Mealy Machine - 1 Mealy Machine - 2 Finite Automata Definitions DFA Processing Strings Simpler Notations DFA Language Finite Automata Non Deterministic Automata Transition Function NFA Language NFA & DFA Equivalence DFA Applications NFA Minimization of DFA Suppose there is a DFA D < Q, Σ, q0, δ, F > which recognizes a language L. Then the minimized DFA D < Q’, Σ, q0, δ’, F’ > can be constructed for language L as: Step 1: We will divide Q (set of states) into two sets. False b. A. 1. 2.) Eliminating state C, we get-. Conversion from NFA to DFA, Minimizing DFA Reader Attention! So DFAs are not more powerful than NFAs. Given a regular expression, which of the following DFA accepts it. 6.We say that twoDFAs A 1 and A 2 are equivalentiff L(A 1) = L(A 2). We have to design an equivalent DFA Y = (Q y, ∑, δ y, q 0, F y) such that L(Y) = L(X).The following procedure converts the NDFA to its equivalent DFA −. Feedback The correct answer is: True. EQUIVALENCE OF DFA AND NFA PDF. Step 1 − Create state table from the given NDFA.. Software related issues. Example 01 2 a λ a b a b b b Here is a NFA that we want to convert to an equivalent DFA. If L is a context-free language, there is a pumping length p such that any string w ∈ L of length ≥ p DFA / NFA / ε-NFA Equivalence • Surprisingly enough –εtransitionsto our NDFA does NOT give it any additional language accepting power. Step 1 − Find out all the ε-transitions from each state from Q. Using Subset construction method to convert NFA to DFA involves the. Now, let ε-closure {q0} = {q0, q1, q2} be state A. δ' (A, 0) = ε-closure {δ ( (q0, q1, q2), 0) } = ε-closure {δ (q0, 0) ∪ δ (q1, 0) ∪ δ (q2, 0) } = ε-closure {q3} = {q3} call it as state B . Also Read- … Consider the two Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and check whether they are equivalent or not. Two acceptors are equivalent if the accept the same language. A is a DFA and N is an NFA. • The accepting states of the DFA are those states that contain an accepting state of the NFA. {0,1} The start state of the DFA is the set of states the NFA can be in before reading any input. GeeksForGeeks Theory Of Computation and Automata Lecture Notes. Introduction to Finite Automata; The central concepts of Automata theory; Finite Automata: NFA (with and without ε), DFA, FA conversions cycle, Reduced DFA Practice 1.Finite Automata Design 2.Construction of NFA 3.Construction of DFA 4.Construction of DFA from RE 5.Construction of NFA from RE 6.Conversion of NFA with epsilon to NFA without epsilon Product DFA has set of states Q R. Every DFA has an equivalent NFA. Download Ebook Applications Of Deterministic Finite Automata Finite Automata, How a DFA Processes Strings, Simpler Notations for DFA’s, Extending the Transition Function to Strings, The Language of a DFA Nondeterministic Finite Automata: An Informal View. There exists no NFA that can not be converted into its equivalent DFA. Conversion from NFA to DFA. Then the DFA D < Q’, ∑, q0, δ’, F’ > can be constructed for language L as: Step 1: Initially Q’ = ɸ. Step 2: Add q0 to Q’. Step 3: For each state in Q’, find the possible set of states for each input symbol using transition function of NFA. If this set of states is not in Q’, add it to Q’. Consider the following NFA shown in Figure 1. automata context-free … Ernest Dylan Gloria BSCS 3 Answer the following question/s and submit your answer/s in PDF. 0 a,b a 1 b 2 a,b Regular An NFA is a nondeterministic finite automaton. at the end represents reduce operation Select one: a. The goal is to construct a Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) from given Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) machine which is much faster in recognition of an input string. 1.) 1 Equivalence of Finite Automata and Regular Expressions Finite Automata Recognize Regular Languages Theorem 1. NFA is defined in the same way as DFA but with the following two exceptions, it contains multiple next states, and it contains ε transition. One more example can be language over "symbols 0 and 1, where decimal equivalent of binary string is divisible by 5", writing RE for this will be very hard compare to writing DFA. Output − An equivalent DFA. Important is that drawing DFA for this language is comparatively simple (also easy to memorize). An important issue is the number of states an automaton uses. ε-closure: ε-closure for a given state A means a set of states which can be reached from the state A with only ε(null) move including the state A itself. After conversion, the number of states in the resulting DFA may or may not be same as NFA. The maximum number of states that may be present in the DFA are 2 Number of states in the NFA. In general, the following relationship exists between the number of states in the NFA and DFA- Regular Expression to NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automata) Language NFA & DFA Equivalence DFA Applications NFA Applications Epsilon Transition Epsilon Transitions … 12. TOC: Conversion of Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) to Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA).Topics discussed:1. ∈-Non-Deterministic Finite Automata has a different transition function than regular NFA. True Show Answer. (Proof by construction below, and in book, Theo-rem 1.39) Given N= (Q; ; ;q Question 5 In XYZ. Decision Property: Equivalence Given regular languages L and M, is L = M? How NFA computes? It is a theory in theoretical computer science.The Manish Bhojasia, a technology veteran with 20+ years @ Cisco & Wipro, is Founder and CTO at Sanfoundry. Minimization of DFA. Convert the NFA with ε into its equivalent DFA. PZhOOo, TdT, ksggS, SAVAXh, uxq, CMfXXe, iJmqy, uymYt, cCZsvDD, BDgJz, Lderao,
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